References

Credits and sources that informed BurmeseNLP.

Thanks

Thanks to all pioneer researchers and developers for the Burmese language. Their corpora, converters, lexicons, and papers made this toolkit possible.

Reference GitHub

• myPOS corpus (ver 3.0)
• Rabbit — Zawgyi ⇔ Unicode converter
• MMDT-Tokenizer (PyPI)

Reference datasets

• Myanmar idioms lexicon
• Myanmar proverbs lexicon
• Myanmar–English MT pairs
• myPOS corpus (ver 3.0)
• ALT Burmese Corpus / Treebank (CC BY-NC-SA; ~20,000 annotated sentences)
• MIMU place codes
• Burmese names with gender (Kaggle)
• Ethnic groups of Myanmar
• List of universities in Myanmar
• Public holidays in Myanmar
• Official social and NGO organisations in Myanmar
• Buddhist temples in Myanmar

Reference papers

Phrase chunking

• Myintzu Phyo Aung & Aung Lwin Moe. New Phrase Chunking Algorithm for Myanmar Natural Language Processing. Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 695, pp. 548–552, 2014. (Scientific.Net)

Morphological analysis and hybrid systems

• Kaung Myat Thu, H. M. Devi & T. R. Singh. A Hybrid Approach to Myanmar Morphological Analysis and Generation (MAG) System. Nanotechnology Perceptions, Vol. 20, No. S15, pp. 2453–2465, 2024. Combines finite-state techniques (FSTs) for morphotactics with LSTM models for Myanmar script variation.

• Chenchen Ding, Hnin Thu Zar Aye, Win Pa Pa, Khin Thandar Nwet, Khin Mar Soe, Masao Utiyama & Eiichiro Sumita. Towards Burmese (Myanmar) Morphological Analysis: Syllable-based Tokenization and Part-of-speech Tagging. ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing (TALLIP), 2019. Annotated ALT Burmese corpus (~20,000 sentences); compares CRFs and LSTM-based RNNs.

Grammar-driven and rule-based segmentation

• Myo Thida, Nu Wei Thet & Thein Kyaw Lwin. Grammar-Driven Text Segmentation for Context Understanding of Myanmar Language. Research article (Batangas State University / University of Illinois at Chicago), posted 23 January 2026. Rule-based NLP and lexical resource construction with tries for tokenization of formal and stylistically variable Myanmar text.

• Tin Htay Hlaing & Yoshiki Mikami. Collation Weight Design for Myanmar Unicode Texts. In Proceedings of Human Language Technology for Development, Alexandria, Egypt, May 2011. Technical representation of complex script forms such as consonant stacking and invisible virama signs.

POS tagging and language modeling

• K. K. Zin & N. L. Thein. Hidden Markov Model with Rule Based Approach for Part of Speech Tagging of Myanmar Language. 2009. Foundational study combining statistical HMMs with linguistic rules for Myanmar POS tagging.

• S. T. Y. Myint & M. M. Khin. Lexicon Based Word Segmentation and Part of Speech Tagging for Written Myanmar Text. International Journal of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing, Vol. 2, Issue 6, June 2013.

Foundational linguistic sources

• Myanmar Language Commission, Ministry of Education. Myanmar Grammar (မြန်မာသဒ္ဒါ), 2005. Definitive authority on Myanmar word classes, including nouns, verbs, and particle/postposition types.

• Myanmar Language Commission. Myanmar Orthography, 3rd edition, 2006. Standardizes spelling and visual representation of the Myanmar script.

• John Okell & Anna Allott. Burmese/Myanmar Dictionary of Grammatical Forms, 2001. Critical reference for morphological function of particles and suffixes in colloquial and literary Burmese.

Computational frameworks and toolkits

• CRF++ — Conditional Random Fields toolkit for segmenting and labeling sequential data.
• OpenFST and HFST — weighted finite-state transducer libraries used in morphological analyzers.
• MMDT-Tokenizer — open-source Myanmar tokenizer (GitHub).